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Social Studies: Geography

  Curriculum Standard 12

Students will demonstrate an understanding of landform patterns and water systems on Earth's surface; the physical processes that shape these patterns; and the characteristics and distribution of ecosystems.

Proficiency Standards
By the end of grade six students will be able to:

• Identify and describe the major landforms and water systems found on Earth's surface.



• Describe the roles of water, wind, ice, temperature, and slope in shaping the physical features of Earth's major landforms and discuss how glaciers, wind, and water have shaped the physical landscape of New Hampshire.



• Discuss how changing Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon relationships influence seasons, length of day, weather and climate, the water cycle, and tides.



• Describe cycles of succession in a variety of ecosystems (for example, forest, lake, grassland).



• Describe the characteristics of various biomes (for example, tropical rain forest, major desert), and discuss the groups of plants and animals associated with these large-scale ecosystems.

Proficiency Standards
By the end of grade ten students will be able to:

• Describe how physical characteristics, including climate, soil, ocean currents, and salinity, affect the number, kind, and distribution of plants and animals in an ecosystem.



• Evaluate the relationship between the carrying capacity of different ecosystems and optimal land use patterns.

  Curriculum Standard 13

Students will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of human systems on Earth's surface including the characteristics, distribution, and migration of human populations; the nature and complexity of patterns of cultural diffusion; patterns and networks of economic interdependence; processes, patterns, and functions of human settlement; and the forces of cooperation and conflict that shape human geographic divisions.

Proficiency Standards
By the end of grade six students will be able to:

• Describe Earth's human systems including the urban, agricultural, political, economic, communication, and transportation systems.



• Discuss the relationship between physical features and the location of human systems including the distribution of population in coastal areas, river valleys, and mountain ranges.



• Employ demographic and cultural characteristics, including age, gender, ethnicity, and language, to describe populations.